The effect of high-intensity plyometric training on anaerobic performance parameters: a pilot study in U17 elite A league.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity plyometric training (HIPT) on some parameters in elite soccer players in the U17. Volunteer soccer players were randomly divided into two groups according to their positions: the regular training (RT) group (age: 16.71 ± 0.47 years; stature: 163.46 ± 3.31 cm; body weight: 61.04 ± 1.59 kg) and the HIPT group (age: 16.64 ± 0.50 years; stature: 165.60 ± 3.03 cm; body weight: 59.76 ± 1.92 kg), and each group included five defenders, five midfielders, and four attackers. While the RT group did only routine soccer training, the HIPT group performed high-intensity plyometric training three days a week in addition to routine soccer training. In the study, body weight, stature, sprint (10 m, 30 m, and 40 m), jump (standing long jump, right and left-limb triple hop) and 5-0-5 change of direction speed test measurements of the soccer players were taken. Skewness and Kurtosis values obtained from the pre-test and post-test measurements were calculated to test whether the normality assumption of the study was met. A mixed measure two-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test. The significance was set as p < 0.05. The results indicated that 8-week high- intensity plyometric training provided more improvement in measured performance parameters than routine soccer training. As a result, when the data obtained is examined, it can be said that HIPT had better values in sprint, jump, and change of direction parameters, so plyometric training was more beneficial for anaerobic parameters than routine soccer training in children. It is recommended that the trainers make their plans considering these results.

The Distinguishing Factor in Soccer Players is Aerobic Performance, not the ACTN3 Gene / El Factor Distintivo en los Jugadores de Fútbol es el Rendimiento Aeróbico y no el gen ACTN3

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to reveal the differences between ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, XX) and aerobic performance [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] in professional and regional amateur league soccer players and to reveal which of these parameters was a distinctive factor in these athletes.71 professional soccer players (age: 23.66 ± 4.11 years; body height: 1.79 ± 6.99 m; body weight: 76.02 ± 6.76 kg; body fat: 11.59±3.11 %) and 62 regional amateur soccer players (age: 23.63 ±3.77 years; body height: 1.81 ± 5.77 m; body weight: 76.36 ± 7.53 kg; body fat: 15.60±4.65 %) volunteered for the study. After DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells via a commercial kit was performed for the genetic background of the athletes, Real-Time PCR was carried out for genotyping. Furthermore, Yo-Yo IRT1 test was performed to determine the aerobic performance of the soccer players. SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance were performed. Chi-Square, Independent Sample T Test and One Way ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the parameters. Statistical significance was set as p0.05); however, there was a statistical significance in favor of professional soccer players in terms of aerobic parameters (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that aerobic performance is the distinguishing factor, not the ACTN3 gene, in soccer players.

El objetivo de este estudio fue revelar las diferencias entre el genotipo ACTN3 (RR, RX, XX) y el rendimiento aeróbico [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] en jugadores de fútbol de ligas profesionales y amateurs regionales y determinar cuál de estos parámetros es un factor distintivo en estos deportistas. 71 futbolistas profesionales (edad: 23,66 ±4,11 años; altura corporal: 1,79 ± 6,99 m; peso corporal: 76,02 ± 6,76 kg; grasa corporal: 11,59±3,11 %) y 62 jugadores de fútbol amateur regionales (edad: 23,63 ± 3,77 años; altura corporal: 1,81 ± 5,77 m; peso corporal: 76,36 ± 7,53 kg; grasa corporal: 15,60 ± 4,65 %) se ofrecieron como voluntarios para el estudio. Después de realizar la extracción de ADN de las células epiteliales orales mediante un kit comercial para obtener los antecedentes genéticos de los atletas, se llevó a cabo una PCR en tiempo real para el genotipado. Además, se realizó la prueba Yo-Yo IRT1 para determinar el rendimiento aeróbico de los futbolistas. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos en las pruebas se utilizó el programa SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Se realizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro- Wilk y la prueba de homogeneidad de la varianza de Levene. En el análisis de los parámetros se utilizaron Chi-cuadrado, prueba T para muestra independiente y prueba ANOVA unidireccional. La significancia estadística se estableció en p0,05); sin embargo, hubo significación estadística a favor de los futbolistas profesionales en cuanto a los parámetros aeróbicos (p<0,05). En consecuencia, se puede decir que el rendimiento aeróbico es el factor distintivo, no el gen ACTN3, en los jugadores de fútbol.

The Relationship among the Performance and the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X Polymorphisms and some Anthropometric Factors in Arm Wrestlers.

Sport genetics has become increasingly important in recent years. The concept of performance includes genetic and anthropometric factors. These factors have not been adequately examined when the current literature is examined. One of the aims of this study is to identify a possible interaction between the ACE ID and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms and the sedentary, national arm wrestlers and amateur arm wrestlers, while another aim is to reveal some physical differences between the same persons. The research included 24 arm wrestlers who were members of the Turkish national team, 23 amateur arm wrestlers with club licenses, and 34 sedentary, all of the wrestlers participated voluntarily in the research. The genotype distribution of the ACE gene and ACTN gene and the statistical significance of the R, X, I, and D allele frequencies were compared by the Chi-Square test. The Anova one-way variance analysis was used to assess the difference among the palm circumference, wrist circumference, and forearm width among the groups, the significance was tested at p<.05 level. After the data was evaluated,  significant differences were not found statistically in ACE nor ACTN3 polymorphisms in terms of the three groups (p>0.05). In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the palm, wrist, and forearm circumferences of the arm wrestlers who were the members of the Turkish national team compared especially to the sedentary (p<0.05). From the conducted research it was concluded that the success of the athlete in arm wrestling could not be directly explained by the ACE and ACTN3 genotypic characteristics. Another result revealed by this study was that the success of the athlete in arm wrestling was more related to palm, wrist, and forearm circumferences.

The Relationship between the Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Ratio and Jumping and Sprinting Abilities of Young Male Soccer Players.

The correct torque ratio between the knee joint extensor and flexor muscle groups can effectively prevent injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring strain. However, it is unclear whether a high torque ratio of the knee joint flexor muscles to the extensor muscles is beneficial for sport performance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) ratio and sprint times (10- and 30-m) and jump heights (CMJ-countermovement jump and SJ-squat jump) in soccer players. The study examined 26 young elite soccer players (age: 18.1 ± 0.7 years; body height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 72.7 ± 5.7 kg). Knee joint flexor and extensor peak torques were assessed using the Cybex dynamometer (at 60°/s, 120°/s and 180°/s). Additionally, each participant performed the CMJ, SJ, and 30 m sprint. A significant relationship was obtained between the H/Q ratio (60°/s) and 30 m sprint time (r = 0.47). The positive direction of this relationship may indicate an important role of knee joint extensors in sprinting performance. Moreover, the H/Q ratio was not significantly associated with the CMJ, SJ or 10 m sprint performance. The H/Q ratio should be considered together with the peak torque values in terms of the assessment of sprinting and jumping performance.

Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores jóvenes de fútbol / Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players

Resumen Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H y Ön, S. (2021). Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Los estudios longitudinales que evalúan el cambio estacional en la capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol jóvenes de diferentes categorías de edad son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios estacionales del nivel aeróbico de los jugadores de la academia juvenil de un equipo de fútbol profesional. Esta investigación se realizó con un total de 51 futbolistas de las categorías U14, U15, U16, U17 y U18 de un equipo de fútbol de élite. Las capacidades aeróbicas de los atletas se midieron mediante la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1. En los análisis, las evaluaciones de distribución normal de los datos se realizaron con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y las homogeneidades de varianza se probaron con la prueba de Levene. Se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de una vía para analizar todos los datos paramétricos; todas las evaluaciones estadísticas se realizaron con la ayuda del programa SPSS 21. De acuerdo con la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1, se determinaron aumentos y/o disminuciones en las evaluaciones de pretemporada, mitad de temporada y final de temporada. Como resultado, los sujetos de todas las categorías aumentaron significativamente al final de la temporada en comparación con la pretemporada y la temporada media. Los grupos de edad U14 y U16 lograron una aceleración creciente a partir de la pretemporada. Sin embargo, en los grupos de edad U15, U17, U18, la aceleración disminuye en la mitad de la temporada y aumenta al final de la temporada. Se cree que se pueden observar diferencias en las respuestas a las cargas de entrenamiento durante el crecimiento y la maduración. Se puede sugerir que el incremento al final de la temporada respecto a la pretemporada, en todos los grupos, puede deberse a que la adaptación de los deportistas a los programas de entrenamiento se ve afectada por las características del desarrollo en cuanto a las categorías de edad a lo largo del tiempo.

Abstract Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H & Ön, S. (2021). Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Longitudinal studies evaluating seasonal changes in the aerobic capacity of young soccer players of different age categories are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the aerobic level of young professional soccer players. This research study included 51 soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories of an elite soccer team. Aerobic capacity in athletes was measured using the Yo-YoIRT 1 Test. In the analyses, normal distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene's Test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze parametric data. All statistical evaluations were conducted with the help of the SPSS 21 software package. According to the Yo-YoIRT 1 test, increases or decreases were determined in the pre-season, mid-season, and end-of-season evaluations. As a result, in the present study conducted to examine the seasonal changes of the young elite soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories, Yo-YoIRT 1 values in all categories increased significantly at the end of the season when compared to the pre-season and the mid-season. U14 and U16 age groups gained increasing acceleration since the pre-season. However, in U15, U17, and U18 age groups, acceleration decreased in the middle of the season and increased at the end of the season. Differences may be observed in the responses to the training loads during maturation. It can be suggested that the increase at the end of the season compared to the pre-season in all groups may be due to the athletes' adaptation to training programs is affected by the developmental characteristics regarding age categories over time.

Resumo Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H e Ön, S. (2021). Alteração da temporada no desempenho aeróbico de jogadores juvenis de futebol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Os estudos longitudinais que avaliam a alteração da temporada na capacidade aeróbica dos jogadores juvenis de futebol de diferentes categorias de idade são limitados. Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar as alterações da temporada no desempenho aeróbico dos jogadores da academia juvenil de uma equipe de futebol profissional. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com um total de 51 jogadores de futebol das categorias U14, U15, U16, U17 e U18 de uma equipe de futebol de elite. As capacidades aeróbicas dos atletas foram medidas por meio do teste Yo-YoIRT1. Nas análises, as avaliações de distribuição normal dos dados foram realizadas com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as homogeneidades de variância foram aprovadas com o teste de Levene. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA de uma via para analisar todos os dados paramétricos; todas as avaliações estatísticas foram realizadas com a ajuda do programa SPSS 21. De acordo com o teste Yo-YoIRT1, foram determinados aumentos e/ou reduções nas avaliações de pré-temporada, meio de temporada e final de temporada. Como resultado, os sujeitos de todas as categorias aumentaram significativamente no final da temporada em comparação com a pré-temporada e meados da temporada. Os grupos de idade U14 e U16 conseguiram uma aceleração crescente a partir da pré-temporada. Porém, nos grupos de idade U15, U17, U18, a aceleração diminui no meio da temporada e aumenta no final da temporada. Acredita-se que possam ser observadas diferenças nas respostas às cargas de treinamento durante o crescimento e a maturação. É possível sugerir que o aumento no final da temporada em relação à pré-temporada, em todos os grupos, deve-se ao fato de que a adaptação dos esportistas aos programas de treinamento se vê afetada pelas características do desenvolvimento no que diz respeito às categorias de idade ao longo do tempo.

Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players / Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores de fútbol jóvenes

Abstract Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H & Ön, S. (2021). Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Longitudinal studies evaluating seasonal changes in the aerobic capacity of young soccer players of different age categories are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the aerobic level of young professional soccer players. This research study included 51 soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories of an elite soccer team. Aerobic capacity in athletes was measured using the Yo-YoIRT 1 Test. In the analyses, normal distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene's Test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze parametric data. All statistical evaluations were conducted with the help of the SPSS 21 software package. According to the Yo-YoIRT 1 test, increases or decreases were determined in the pre-season, mid-season, and end-of-season evaluations. As a result, in the present study conducted to examine the seasonal changes of the young elite soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories, Yo-YoIRT 1 values in all categories increased significantly at the end of the season when compared to the pre-season and the mid-season. U14 and U16 age groups gained increasing acceleration since the pre-season. However, in U15, U17, and U18 age groups, acceleration decreased in the middle of the season and increased at the end of the season. Differences may be observed in the responses to the training loads during maturation. It can be suggested that the increase at the end of the season compared to the pre-season in all groups may be due to the athletes' adaptation to training programs is affected by the developmental characteristics regarding age categories over time.

Resumen Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H y Ön, S. (2021). Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores de fútbol jóvenes. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Los estudios longitudinales que evalúan el cambio estacional en la capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol jóvenes de diferentes categorías de edad son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios estacionales del nivel aeróbico de los jugadores de la academia juvenil de un equipo de fútbol profesional. Esta investigación se realizó con un total de 51 futbolistas de las categorías U14, U15, U16, U17 y U18 de un equipo de fútbol de élite. Las capacidades aeróbicas de los atletas se midieron mediante la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1. En los análisis, las evaluaciones de distribución normal de los datos se realizaron con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y las homogeneidades de varianza se probaron con la prueba de Levene. Se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de una vía para analizar todos los datos paramétricos; todas las evaluaciones estadísticas se realizaron con la ayuda del programa SPSS 21. De acuerdo con la prueba Yo YoIRT 1, se determinaron aumentos y/o disminuciones en las evaluaciones de pretemporada, mitad de temporada y final de temporada. Como resultado, los sujetos de todas las categorías aumentaron significativamente al final de la temporada en comparación con la pretemporada y la temporada media. Los grupos de edad U14 y U16 lograron una aceleración creciente a partir de la pretemporada. Sin embargo, en los grupos de edad U15, U17, U18, la aceleración disminuye en la mitad de la temporada y aumenta al final de la temporada. Se cree que se pueden observar diferencias en las respuestas a las cargas de entrenamiento durante el crecimiento y la maduración. Se puede sugerir que el incremento al final de la temporada respecto a la pretemporada, en todos los grupos, puede deberse a que la adaptación de los deportistas a los programas de entrenamiento se ve afectada por las características del desarrollo en cuanto a las categorías de edad a lo largo del tiempo.

Resumo Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H e Ön, S. (2021). Alteração da temporada no desempenho aeróbico de jogadores juvenis de futebol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Os estudos longitudinais que avaliam a alteração da temporada na capacidade aeróbica dos jogadores juvenis de futebol de diferentes categorias de idade são limitados. Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar as alterações da temporada no desempenho aeróbico dos jogadores da academia juvenil de uma equipe de futebol profissional. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com um total de 51 jogadores de futebol das categorias U14, U15, U16, U17 e U18 de uma equipe de futebol de elite. As capacidades aeróbicas dos atletas foram medidas por meio do teste Yo-YoIRT1. Nas análises, as avaliações de distribuição normal dos dados foram realizadas com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as homogeneidades de variância foram aprovadas com o teste de Levene. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA de uma via para analisar todos os dados paramétricos; todas as avaliações estatísticas foram realizadas com a ajuda do programa SPSS 21. De acordo com o teste Yo-YoIRT1, foram determinados aumentos e/ou reduções nas avaliações de pré- temporada, meio de temporada e final de temporada. Como resultado, os sujeitos de todas as categorias aumentaram significativamente no final da temporada em comparação com a pré- temporada e meados da temporada. Os grupos de idade U14 e U16 conseguiram uma aceleração crescente a partir da pré-temporada. Porém, nos grupos de idade U15, U17, U18, a aceleração diminui no meio da temporada e aumenta no final da temporada. Acredita-se que possam ser observadas diferenças nas respostas às cargas de treinamento durante o crescimento e a maturação. É possível sugerir que o aumento no final da temporada em relação à pré-temporada, em todos os grupos, deve-se ao fato de que a adaptação dos esportistas aos programas de treinamento se vê afetada pelas características do desenvolvimento no que diz respeito às categorias de idade ao longo do tempo.

The evaluation of RS1805086 and RS1805065 polymorphisms in Mstn gene and anthropometric properties of national and amateur arm wrestlers / Evaluación de los polimorfismos RS1805086 y RS1805065 en el gen Mstn y las propiedades antropométricas de los luchadores de brazo nacionales y amateurs

The aim of this study is to investigate rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers and people leading a sedentary lifestyle, and the anthropometric properties such as hand, wrist, and forearm circumferences of national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers are aimed to be explored. In this study, a total of 79 volunteers who were 24 national (7 females, 17 males) Turkish arm wrestlers, 21 amateur (7 females, 14 males) Turkish arm wrestlers and 34 sedentary people (12 females, 22 males) participated. To analyse the data, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. As a result of the study, when data on rs1805086 and rs1805065 polymorphisms of MSTN gene were examined respectively, it was found out that MSTN 153KK genotype was 100.0% dominant in both national (n=24) and amateur (n=21) arm wrestlers, and it was 94.12 % dominant in sedentary people. KR genotype was observed in 5.88 % of the sedentary people. The data from the other rs1805065 polymorphism of MSTN gene showed that all participants (n = 45, 100.0 %) were carriers of normal homozygous genotype. Furthermore, for both female group and male group, there found to be statistically significant difference in terms of anthropometric properties. It can be concluded that though there was no significant difference between national and amateur Turkish arm wrestlers in terms of their MSTN gene characteristics; in terms of anthropometric properties, significant differences were discovered. It was found out that on these athletes, not MSTN gene polymorphisms but anthropometric properties were effective.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los polimorfismos rs1805086 y rs1805065 del gen MSTN de luchadores de brazos turcos, nacionales y aficionados, y personas que llevan un estilo de vida sedentario, y las propiedades antropométricas además de las circunferencias de manos, muñecas y antebrazos de los luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales y aficionados. En este estudio, participaron un total de 79 voluntarios: 24 luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales (7 mujeres, 17 hombres), 21 luchadores de brazos turcos aficionados (7 mujeres, 14 hombres) y 34 personas sedentarias (12 mujeres, 22 hombres). Para analizar los datos, se utilizó el Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales, SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Como resultado del estudio, cuando se examinaron los datos sobre los polimorfismos rs1805086 y rs1805065 del gen MSTN respectivamente, se descubrió que el genotipo MSTN 153KK era 100,0 % dominante en luchadores de brazos nacionales (n = 24) y aficionados (n = 21) , y era 94,12 % dominante en personas sedentarias. El genotipo KR se observó en el 5,88 % de las personas sedentarias. Los datos del otro polimorfismo rs1805065 del gen MSTN mostraron que todos los participantes (n = 45; 100,0 %) eran portadores del genotipo homocigoto normal. Además, tanto para el grupo femenino como para el masculino, se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en términos de propiedades antropométricas. Se puede concluir que, aunque no hubo una diferencia significativa entre los luchadores de brazos turcos nacionales y aficionados en términos de sus características genéticas MSTN; en términos de propiedades antropométricas, se descubrieron diferencias significativas. Se descubrió que, en estos atletas, no fueron los polimorfismos del gen MSTN sino las propiedades antropométricas las efectivas.

Reliability and validity analyzes of Kinect V2 based measurement system for shoulder motions.

Telerehabilitation systems provide some advantages against the classic rehabilitation methods. The ability of the shoulders depends on active motion range of them to do activities in daily life and to do sports. To evaluate the shoulder motions, range of motion (ROM) measurement is a basic method. Clinical goniometer and digital goniometer are the most commonly used measurement tools. However, these measurement tools have some deficiencies and difficulties. In this paper, we consider a Kinect One Sensor (Kinect V2) based measurement system for shoulder motions as an alternative method. The aim of this study is to examine the reliability and validity analyzes of the proposed shoulder measurement system. Three systems were used to evaluate validity of the Kinect V2 to measure shoulder motions: Kinect V2 based system, clinical goniometer and digital goniometer. One expert physical therapist measured shoulder abduction, flexion, external rotation, internal rotation and extension ROM values using a clinical goniometer and a digital goniometer in 40 healthy volunteers (22 males, 18 females, and 19-33 years old). All poses for each shoulder motion were captured with the Kinect V2 based system again and the ROM values were calculated. These procedures were carried out with all of the volunteer participants in three repetitions. In reliability for Kinect V2 based shoulder motion measurement system, we used the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of the measure (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC). The validity test includes the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and mean difference between the Kinect V2 based system and the both of the goniometer systems for measuring shoulder motions. The high ICC values show that the Kinect V2 based shoulder motion measurement system has very good intra-rater reliability for abduction, flexion, external rotation, internal rotation shoulder poses. For extension pose, it has good reliability result according to the ICC value. The validity analysis gives good results for all shoulder poses except internal rotation between Kinect V2 and clinical/digital goniometer. As a result, Kinect V2 based measurement system is a reliable and valid alternative telerehabilitation tool for shoulder motions.

Anthropological and perceptual predictors affecting the ranking in arm wrestling competition / Predictores antropológicos y perceptuales que afectan la clasificación en la competencia de fuerza

The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors contributing to be in the first three places with right and left arm in armwrestling. Seventy-three male senior armwrestlers competed in Turkish National Championship voluntarily participated in this study. Some participants competed with both arms. Two samples were composed of according to the participant competition category, for right (69 participants) and left arm (65 participants). The data were collected from eight different weight classes. Handgrip strength, auditory reaction time, forearm length, and forearm circumference were determined as the predictors. All the measurements were taken after weigh-ins had been done and before the first day of national championship competition. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict whether a competitor in armwrestling would be in the first three places either with right or left arm, to be a winner or non-winner. Relative handgrip strength was found a significant predictor for both right and left arm ranking (p < 0.05). Auditory reaction time was found a significant predictor only for right arm ranking (p < 0.05) and forearm circumference was found a significant predictor only for left arm ranking (p < 0.05). These results suggest that strength can be viewed as the main predictor in left arm ranking; however, auditory reaction time is also an important factor to be in the first three places in right arm ranking. Thus, competitors should also focus to improve this perceptual skill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los predictores que contribuyen a clasificar en los tres primeros lugares en la lucha de fuerza de brazos (vencidas o pulsadas) con el brazo derecho e izquierdo. Setenta y tres hombres luchadores senior compitieron en el Campeonato Nacional de Turquía y participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Algunos participantes compitieron con ambos brazos. Dos muestras fueron conformadas de acuerdo con la categoría de competencia del participante, para el brazo derecho (69 participantes) y el brazo izquierdo (65 participantes). Los datos se obtuvieron para 8 categorías de peso. La fuerza de prensión, tiempo de reacción auditiva, largo del brazo y circunferencia del antebrazo se determinaron como predictores. Todas las medidas fueron tomadas después de pesaje clasificatorio y antes del primer día de competición. Un análisis de regresión logística se realizó para predecir si un competidor en lucha de fuerza estaría en los tres primeros lugares ya sea con el brazo derecho o izquierdo, para ser un ganador o no ganador. La fuerza de prensión relativa resultó un predictor significativo para la clasificación tanto en el brazo derecho e izquierdo (p <0,05). El tiempo de reacción auditiva se encontró un predictor significativo sólo para la clasificación del brazo derecho (p <0,05) y la circunferencia del antebrazo un predictor significativo sólo para el brazo izquierdo (p <0,05). Estos resultados sugieren que la fuerza puede ser vista como el principal predictor en la clasificación para el brazo izquierdo, sin embargo, el tiempo de reacción auditiva es también un factor importante para estar en los tres primeros lugares de la clasificación para el brazo derecho. Por lo tanto, los competidores también deben centrarse en mejorar esta habilidad perceptual.